Difference between C and C++ language

1) C is the procedural programming paradigm whereas C++ is a multi paradigm language.
2) C is function driven while C++ is object driven.
3) C uses the top-down approach while C++ uses the bottom-up approach.
4) In case of C++ data is secured but in case of C data is not secured.
5) In C language standard input and output functions are scanf and printf whereas in C++ standard input and output functions are cin>> and cout<<.
6) C++ suppot function overloading whereas C does not suppot overloading of the function.
7) C language is based on unix operating system while C++ is extension of C.
8) In C allocation is done with the help of malloc function whereas in C++ allocation is done with the help of operators.
9) In C namespace feature is absent and in C++  namespace feature is present.

Difference between Recursion and Iteration

1) A function is said to be recursive if it call itself again and again within its body whereas iterative functions are loop based imperative functions.
2) Recursion uses stack whereas iteration does not use stack.
3) Recursion uses more memory than iteration as its concept is based on stacks.
4)Recursion is comparatively slower than iteration due to overhead condition of maintaining stacks.
5)Recursion makes code smaller and iteration makes code longer. 

Art Films

TO ALL INSIDE OUT PARTICIPANTS…

Everyday we are amazed by the directions in which people are taking this project. It

is being interpreted in ways we never would have imagined. This is all down to you!

Which creates a challenge: how do we document what is happening in so many

different corners of the globe? How can we ensure people understand what they see

and why they are seeing it?

One answer is with film. We are creating a documentary of INSIDE OUT, sending a

director and camera crew to select actions. But we really want to include as many

actions as possible. As part of the official INSIDE OUT documentary, we want to

include film you take yourself.

We are asking every participant to film his or her action, so that the world can see

what it is all about. You might do this personally, or you might want to find a local

filmmaker to help you.

Here is a guide to help you on your way. It is only a template; we hope you will find

new, exciting and original ways to tell your story. And if you have any questions, or

need further advice, please email us! We are here to help.

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FILMING
Think about filming in two pieces: THE ACTION and THE REACTION.
THE ACTION

This is really about you - why and where are you making this action? Think about

getting answers to the following on film before you paste:

• What does your action stand for?

• Why do you think this is important? Can it really make a difference?

• What do you want the world to know? How do you think people will react?

• Where are you doing it and why here?

There are many different ways to approach answering these questions - video diary,

interview, observational, animation; you decide what works best for you. TRY AND

MAKE INTERVIEWS WHERE PEOPLE ARE ALWAYS DOING SOMETHING –

Driving a car, taking pictures, preparing the glue, researching your project etc. Get

close-ups of the details of what ever they are doing after they have finished talking.

Tell the story behind your action; how can you visually support the story? For

example, if your action is about surveillance, show how many CCTV cameras are

everywhere. Or if it is about seeing the world through womenʼs eyes, show what life

is like for women in your community.

The PASTING comes under the umbrella of action too. It would be great for you to:

• Get a sense of the local area through shots of the streets. Try to get a rooftop

view and any other type view that visually explains the context of where you

are pasting.

• Film yourselves opening the posters.

• Film the actual pasting. Timelapse is great but there are many other ways to

film it too. Get close ups of the people engaged in pasting.

THE REACTION

This is about the community – what did they think of the project and how did they

respond? How long do the pictures stay up for?

Itʼs great to film reactions to the project from the general public. Donʼt be frightened of

a negative reaction. Get people just looking at the art and thinking about it.

Itʼs also good to document what happens to the art after it goes up. Does it get

vandalized? How long before the weather causes it to disintegrate?

Donʼt forget to get lots of good shots of the finished art work.

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GENERAL QUESTIONS (For you and anyone else):

• Can ART make a difference?

• What does ʻimageʼ stand for in todayʼs world? Particularly human portraiture?

• What is your original face?

GENERAL IDEAS:

• Love the idea that you are on a journey with this project. Car journeys, train

journeys, bicycle journeys are going to help us weave the global narrative

together.

• Always try and bring the filming back to the pictures and the power of that

image to transform, heal, protest etc.

THINK ABOUT:

• Good clean sound where ever possible

• NO LOGOS or BRANDS in the background unless unavoidable.

• Having fun with it

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EDITING, UPLOADING AND SENDING

Now that you have captured your group action on video, you have a few options:

1. Send the IOP team your raw footage for possible inclusion in the final

documentary.

2. Edit your footage into a 3-5 minute piece and upload it to YouTube for

inclusion on the Inside Out YouTube Channel.

3. Both 1 & 2!

INFO FOR SENDING RAW FOOTAGE:

• Please send raw footage via a service like WeTransfer or Ge.tt to

jr@insideoutproject.net. If it is too large, email us and we will discuss the best

way for the footage to be sent.

INFO FOR UPLOADING FINISHED FILMS:

• Upload the film to YouTube and tag it with #insideoutproject. Our team will

then favorite it and include it on the Inside Out YouTube Channel.

• You are welcome to upload the film to other platforms as well.

• Share the video link with friends via email, Twitter, Facebook, etc

THANKS FOR PARTICIPATING. WE CANʼT WAIT TO SEE HOW
YOUR ART HELPS CHANGE THE WORLD.
Contact us at
jr@insideoutproject.net
Join us online at
WEBSITE: insideoutproject.net
YOUTUBE CHANNEL: youtube.com/theinsideoutchannel
FACEBOOK: facebook.com/InsideOutProject
TWITTER: twitter.com/InsideOutProj

Insideoutproject

 JR, a semi-anonymous French street artist, uses his camera to show the world its true face, by pasting photos of the human face across massive canvases. At TED2011, he makes his audacious TED Prize wish: to use art to turn the world inside out. Learn more about his work and learn how you can join in at insideoutproject.net.

http://www.ted.com/talks/jr_s_ted_prize_wish_use_art_to_turn_the_world_inside_out.html

Ideas Worth Spreading

http://www.ted.com/

TED (Technology, Entertainment and Design) is a global set of conferences owned by the private non-profit Sampling Foundation, formed to disseminate "ideas worth spreading."

How to live before you die

 By Steve Jobs @ Stanford University

http://www.ted.com/talks/steve_jobs_how_to_live_before_you_die.html

Make Your Own Film

 http://www.internationalfilmworkshops.com/
International Film Workshops will conduct a first of its kind workshop in India in Mumbai in June 2012. The workshop will be conducted by alumni of Americas and Indias top film schools, namely, American Film Institute (AFI) and Film and Television Institute of India (FTII). The handpicked faculty comprise of alumni from these institutes who are successful working professionals from the industry.

International Film Workshops is a division of Yellow Submarine Film Pvt Ltd, the organisers of New York Film Academy workshops in India.

The American Film Institute (AFI) is the only existing school in Master of Fine Arts conservatory in advanced film education. In July 2011, it was voted the #1 film school in the world by The Hollywood Reporter. Cinematography and screenplay writing curriculum would be covered by AFI alumni.

Types of Markets

By Nishul Sharma

INTRODUCTION

Lots of people are talking about all the new forms of marketing a company can pursue. It’s true, certain traditional marketing has been around for a long time and is still used today, but with the Internet now playing such a huge role in any company’s success, people are coming out with more and more ways to market their products or services. The more we thought about all the different varieties of marketing, the more we realized there are so many different ways to promote something.

Internet Marketing

Internet marketing is any marketing strategy that takes place online. Also referred to as online marketing, it encompasses a variety of marketing forms like video advertisements, search engine marketing and e-mail marketing. It is the opposite of offline marketing, and can also fall under digital marketing. Internet marketing needs a good approach in areas of design, development and advertising. A company with a total web site marketing plan will have more success online than one that has just designed a web site without thinking of how to market their company through it.

Offline Marketing

Offline marketing, the opposite of online marketing, includes all forms of marketing that aren’t done on the Internet. Examples of offline marketing are local advertising in newspapers and on television. In today’s marketing world, companies are finding ways to leverage their offline marketing campaigns with their online ones, making them complement each other.

Outbound Marketing

When you think of marketing, the different forms you come up with are mostly outbound marketing (also called traditional marketing). In fact, the majority of companies today are using different types of outbound marketing to reach their potential customers. Outbound marketing includes any marketing efforts that are taken to introduce a product or service to someone who isn’t looking for that product or service. Some examples are cold calling, sending newsletters, billboards, and banner ads on different web sites.

Inbound Marketing

Inbound marketing focuses on having your company found by customers, as opposed to reaching out to them directly like in outbound marketing. The important thing to remember here is that a person starts out with the want/need to purchase a product or service, and they go out to find it. When they search for that product/service on a search engine, the search engine results page will show inbound marketing results. Instead of using paid advertisements, inbound marketing is the search engine optimization (SEO) part of web marketing.

Newsletter Marketing

Newsletter marketing and email marketing refer to ways of promoting your company through emails. Typically, a firm using newsletter marketing will have a group of contacts that they will send a newsletter containing some interesting information to. The success of newsletter marketing depends on grabbing attention, writing good content and reaching a large number of potential clients.

Article Marketing

Businesses will often write articles related to the industry they are in and distribute them online and offline. These free articles will inform people about an important topic and give the company that wrote it more credibility within the market. The organization can also include their business contact information in the article, allowing them to get new clients.

Trade Show Marketing

Companies that want to reach a large number of potential customers can participate in public or private trade shows. Trade shows and other forms of event marketing are often a large investment to participate in, but trade shows allow companies to demonstrate new products and examine what is going on in the industry.

Search Marketing

Search engine marketing (SEM) is the way in which companies promote their business through paid placement on search engines like Google. Instead of increasing the organic search results that a website has, companies will pay to have their advertisements in the sponsored section of search engines. This is also known as Pay Per Click Advertising or PPC

Direct Marketing

Direct marketing’s main goal is to send a message directly to consumers, without having to use any third party outlets. Examples of direct marketing include mail marketing, telemarketing and direct selling. Direct marketing is often preferable because the results can be easily measured, giving the marketer a better understanding of the success of that campaign.

Niche Marketing

When a product or service is not being readily supplied to a certain portion of a market, a company can focus their efforts on that niche to address a need that isn’t currently being addressed. This targeted marketing is successful because the marketer has identified a need that isn’t being resolved by mainstream providers. Sometimes it is beneficial for a company to focus on a niche instead of trying to compete in a larger market.

Drip marketing

Drip marketing is the act of sending out scheduled targeted emails that are all coordinated to a specific goal of client conversion. The sender uses email marketing software that allows them to setup multiple emails at one time and let them “drip” over time. This sometimes includes phone calls to check in on the clients along the way.

Social Media Marketing

Social network marketing and social media campaigns provide a window to market a product or service on the Internet through different social networks. Companies can use these outlets for their marketing, customer service and sales. The most common and successful means of social media marketing are found on sites like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and even company blogs.

Referral Marketing

One of the less strategic types of marketing, referral marketing relies on a company’s customers to refer new customers to that company. Also called word of mouth marketing, this is a more spontaneous way of receiving new business, and can not be solely relied on because results aren’t very predictable. However, word of mouth is still a powerful part of a company’s efforts to bring in new business, especially in the social media community where communication travels freely.

Guerrilla Marketing

With a smaller budget, guerrilla marketing makes a splash by relying on energy, timing and unusual approaches to get the consumer’s attention. The unconventional marketing involved tries to get the most out something small, and make a lasting brand image in the consumer’s mind.

Promotional Marketing

Promotional marketing is a common form of marketing strategy that companies use to motivate a consumer to make a decision and purchase their product. There are a number of ways that businesses will promote a product or service, including holding contests to win a prize, offering coupons for purchasing a product at a discount, and having samples of the product so people can experience it before they purchase.

Affiliate Marketing

Affiliate marketing most likely involves four different groups that contribute to the marketing effort. The Merchant is the company that is producing and selling the product, the Network is the outlet that is used to promote the affiliate link, the Publisher or Affiliate is the person who has the website with the affiliate ad and of course the customer doing the purchasing. Affiliate links are found on all types of websites, and they are used to drive traffic to outside websites.

Viral Marketing

This type of marketing relies on the message of a marketer being spread quickly through various social networks in order to increase brand awareness. The name viral marketing stems from the rapid spread of viruses in general. Typically, a viral marketing campaign will not last as long as other marketing efforts, but if a company can come up with a good idea for viral marketing and reach the right people, it will become highly successful in a short amount of time.

B2B Marketing

Any type of business, whether an organization, individual, government or other institution that markets to other businesses is involved in business to business marketing. Since B2B marketing involves companies trying to sell mass quantities of product to one another, there is a more personal relationship that needs to be established between businesses. If your company sells to other businesses, your marketing efforts will most likely be more direct.

B2C Marketing

Business to consumer marketing campaigns try to reach a category of people that will be likely to purchase their product or service. The marketing efforts the company takes should be more broad than B2B, which focuses on specific companies. B2C marketing can involve different marketing techniques such as door to door marketing, promotion marketing, newspaper marketing, television marketing and radio marketing. In today’s marketing world, B2C Internet marketing is becoming more important to reach consumers.

Mobile Marketing

Along with Internet marketing, mobile marketing is part of the newest groups of marketing activities. Companies have been experimenting with the certain ways to reach consumers through their phones, especially with the rise of Apple’s iphone. Some ways to marketing a product or service through a mobile phone include SMS marketing, in-game marketing, banner marketing on different web pages and location based marketing.

Reverse Marketing

This form of marketing is similar to inbound marketing. The goal of reverse marketing is to market a product in a way that will cause the consumer to seek the firm doing the marketing. Reverse marketing can be conducted through such means as television, print and Internet marketing. If a company has a product that solves a problem in the market, they will have more success using reverse marketing because they will seek out that product.

Telemarketing

A form of direct marketing, telemarketing’s focus is on reaching consumers by phone. Most of what we thing of as telemarketing is cold call marketing, which is unpopular and has lead to laws being created against it. However, telemarketing can be effective if the right person is reached on the phone at the right time.

Direct Mail Marketing

Most people receive large quantities of marketing material in the mail, which is considered direct mail marketing. Companies will send paper mail with promotions or other information to a list of addresses, usually in a common geographical area. This form of marketing is also called junk mail by some, because the customers receiving the mail aren’t expecting it and usually don’t want to open it.

Database Marketing

Database marketing is similar to other types of direct marketing, but the focus is more directed towards analyzing data. Companies try to narrow their marketing efforts down to certain groups of people, and they use database marketing to analyze statistics like name, address, or sales history, in order to create the most accurate model possible.

Personalized marketing

The goal of personalized marketing is to create a unique offer for each individual customer. This form of marketing doesn’t work for every company, but certain ones can capitalize on their unique products and customer demographics to market to individuals. With the Internet becoming a more popular place for marketing, companies are finding that personalized marketing is affective in cases when they can track a customer’s specific interests and send them more information for future suggestions.

This list should give you a good idea of different ways companies can market themselves to consumers or other companies, but there are still more types of marketing out there. If you think of any, let us know and we’ll add it to the list.

Depending on your company and the industry you are in, you will definitely choose different kinds of marketing that will produce the best results for you. No matter which type of marketing you want to use for your company, Design & Promote can help you research and implement a marketing campaign that will allow your company to win the consumer’s attention and hold the search engine results

Planning

By Nirmal Kumar ECE

Planning in organization and public policy is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a plan; and the psychological process of thinking about the activities required to create a desired goal on some scale. As such, it is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior. This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan, or integration of it with other plans, that is, it combines forecasting of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them. An important, albeit often ignored aspect of planning, is the relationship it holds with forecasting. Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like.

The term is also used for describing the formal procedures used in such an endeavor, such as the creation of documents, diagrams, or meetings to discuss the important issues to be addressed, the objectives to be met, and the strategy to be followed. Beyond this, planning has a different meaning depending on the political or economic context in which it is used.

Two attitudes to planning need to be held in tension: on the one hand we need to be prepared for what may lie ahead, which may mean contingencies and flexible processes. On the other hand, our future is shaped by consequences of our own planning and actions

What should a plan be?

A plan should be a realistic view of the expectations. Depending upon the activities, a plan can be long range, intermediate range or short range. It is the framework within which it must operate. For management seeking external support, the plan is the most important document and key to growth. Preparation of a comprehensive plan will not guarantee success, but lack of a sound plan will almost certainly ensure failure.

Planning - a result-oriented process - can be summarized in 3 easy steps:

1. choosing a destination, 2. evaluating alternative routes, and 3. deciding the specific course of your plan.^[

Purpose of a plan:-

Just as no two organizations are alike, neither are their plans. It is therefore important to prepare a plan keeping in view the necessities of the enterprise. A plan is an important aspect of business. It serves the following three critical functions:

• Helps management to clarify, focus, and research their business's or project's development and prospects.
• Provides a considered and logical framework within which a business can develop and pursue business strategies over the next three to five years.
• Offers a benchmark against which actual performance can be measured and reviewed.

 

Importance of the planning process:-

A plan can play a vital role in helping to avoid mistakes or recognize hidden opportunities. Preparing a satisfactory plan of the organization is essential. The planning know the business and that they have thought through its development in terms of products, management, finances, and most importantly, markets and competition.

Planning helps in forecasting the future, makes the future visible to some extent. It bridges between where we are and where we want to go. Planning is looking ahead.

Application-

In organizations

Planning is also a management process, concerned with defining goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and resources to be used in order to attain those goals. To meet the goals, managers may develop plans such as a busines plan or a marketing plan. Planning always has a purpose. The purpose may be achievement of certain goals or targets. The planning helps to achieve these goals or target by using the available time and resources. To minimize the timing and resources also require proper planning.

In public policy

Planning refers to the practice and the profession associated with the idea of planning an idea yourself (land use planning, urban planning or spatial planning). In many countries, the operation of a town and country planning system is often referred to as "planning" and the professionals which operate the system are known as "planners".

It is a conscious as well as sub-conscious activity. It is "an anticipatory decision making process" that helps in coping with complexities. It is deciding future course of action from amongst alternatives. It is a process that involves making and evaluating each set of interrelated decisions. It is selection of missions, objectives and "translation of knowledge into action." A planned performance brings better results compared to an unplanned one. A manager's job is planning, monitoring and controlling

The planning function involves establishing goals and arranging them in logical order.

LEADERSHIP

BY GOURAV KHULLAR ECE 2(2910249)

 

Definition

The meaning of a message is the change which it produces in the image. — Kenneth Boulding in the Image: Knowledge in Life and Society

Before we get started, let’s define leadership. Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. This definition is similar to Northouse's (2007, p3) definition — Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.

Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills. This is called Process Leadership (Jago, 1982). However, we know that we have traits that can influence our actions. This is called Trait Leadership (Jago, 1982), in that it was once common to believe that leaders were born rather than made. These two leadership types are shown in the chart below (Northouse, 2007,  While leadership is learned, the skills and knowledge processed by the leader can be influenced by his or hers attributes or traits, such as beliefs, values, ethics, and character. Knowledge and skills contribute directly to the process of leadership, while the other attributes give the leader certain characteristics that make him or her unique. Skills, knowledge, and attributes make the Leader, which is one of the:

Four Factors of Leadership

There are four major factors in leadership

Leader

You must have an honest understanding of who you are, what you know, and what you can do. Also, note that it is the followers, not the leader or someone else who determines if the leader is successful. If they do not trust or lack confidence in their leader, then they will be uninspired. To be successful you have to convince your followers, not yourself or your superiors, that you are worthy of being followed.

 

Followers

Different people require different styles of leadership. For example, a new hire requires more supervision than an experienced employee. A person who lacks motivation requires a different approach than one with a high degree of motivation. You must know your people! The fundamental starting point is having a good understanding of human nature, such as needs, emotions, and motivation. You must come to know your employees' be, know, and do attributes.

Communication

You lead through two-way communication. Much of it is nonverbal. For instance, when you “set the example,” that communicates to your people that you would not ask them to perform anything that you would not be willing to do. What and how you communicate either builds or harms the relationship between you and your employees.

Situation

All situations are different. What you do in one situation will not always work in another. You must use your judgment to decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed for each situation. For example, you may need to confront an employee for inappropriate behavior, but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective.

Also note that the situation normally has a greater effect on a leader's action than his or her traits. This is because while traits may have an impressive stability over a period of time, they have little consistency across situations (Mischel, 1968). This is why a number of leadership scholars think the Process Theory of Leadership is a more accurate than the Trait Theory of Leadership.

Various forces will affect these four factors. Examples of forces are your relationship with your seniors, the skill of your followers, the informal leaders within your organization, and how your organization is organized.

Principles of Leadership

To help you be, know, and do, follow these eleven principles of leadership (U.S. Army, 1983). The later chapters in this Leadership guide expand on these principles and provide tools for implementing them:

1.      Know yourself and seek self-improvement - In order to know yourself, you have to understand your be, know, and do, attributes. Seeking self-improvement means continually strengthening your attributes. This can be accomplished through self-study, formal classes, reflection, and interacting with others.

2.      Be technically proficient - As a leader, you must know your job and have a solid familiarity with your employees' tasks.

3.      Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions - Search for ways to guide your organization to new heights. And when things go wrong, they always do sooner or later — do not blame others. Analyze the situation, take corrective action, and move on to the next challenge.

4.      Make sound and timely decisions - Use good problem solving, decision making, and planning tools.

5.      Set the example - Be a good role model for your employees. They must not only hear what they are expected to do, but also see. We must become the change we want to see - Mahatma Gandhi

6.      Know your people and look out for their well-being - Know human nature and the importance of sincerely caring for your workers.

7.      Keep your workers informed - Know how to communicate with not only them, but also seniors and other key people.

8.      Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers - Help to develop good character traits that will help them carry out their professional responsibilities.

9.      Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished - Communication is the key to this responsibility.

10.  Train as a team - Although many so called leaders call their organization, department, section, etc. a team; they are not really teams...they are just a group of people doing their jobs.

11.  Use the full capabilities of your organization - By developing a team spirit, you will be able to employ your organization, department, section, etc. to its fullest capabilities.

The Process of Great Leadership

o    Challenge the process - First, find a process that you believe needs to be improved the most.

o    Inspire a shared vision - Next, share your vision in words that can be understood by your followers.

o    Enable others to act - Give them the tools and methods to solve the problem.

Model the way - When the process gets tough, get your hands dirty. A boss tells The road to great leadership that is common to successful leaders:

o    others what to do; a leader shows that it can be done.

o    Encourages the heart - Share the glory with your followers' hearts, while keeping the pains within your own.